Motivations of armed groups to protect cultural heritage

Meroe World Heritage Site, Sudan (Credit: UNESCO)

Jonathan Rider, Christopher Rider, Ashley Jackson & Pascal Bongard

Why do some armed groups destroy cultural heritage while others protect it? This briefing note explores the complex and often contradictory motivations of armed groups in conflict zones. Drawing on case studies and expert interviews, the paper finds that attitudes toward cultural heritage vary widely—shaped by ideology, political strategy, community relationships, and external influences. While extremist groups with sectarian agendas are more likely to target heritage, groups with ethno-nationalist aims or international aspirations may act to protect it. The paper cautions against static typologies, stressing the importance of dynamic, context-specific analysis and sustained reassessment. This research offers a conceptual foundation to inform tailored engagement strategies and to help identify when, how, and with whom cultural heritage protection is possible.